Hair implants comprising enhanced anchoring and medical safety features

ABSTRACT

A hair implant includes: (a) a hair strand anchor including: an anchor body; first and second hair chambers disposed within the anchor body; and at least one tunnel through the anchor body between the first and second hair chambers, where the tunnel is free of a hair; and (b) at least one hair strand having a portion thereof retained in at least one of the hair chambers; wherein the tunnel is configured to support collagen ligature growth after subcutaneous implantation by receiving and retaining collagen ligatures that anchor the hair implant to a hair implant recipient. Also disclosed is a hair implant including an anchor with first and second anchor bodies and at least one bridge connecting the anchor bodies and bridging at least one void between the anchor bodies, wherein the bridge supports and retains collagen ligature growth. Anchors, hair restoration and manufacturing methods are also disclosed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/665,369, filed Jul. 31, 2017, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of Invention

This invention relates to the field of hair replacement and more particularly to artificial hair implantation and implants.

2. Description of Related Art

For millennia men and women have been concerned, ridiculed, and even suicidal regarding hair loss and the physical and cosmetic impact it makes upon ones' appearance, especially the loss of scalp or facial hair (2-6). Causes of hair loss are numerous including genetic disorders, genetic inheritance, stress from illness, fever, or physical activity, chemotherapy, pulling on hair, curling irons, chemical processing of hair for shaping or coloring etc., aging, poor diet, thyroid disease, ringworm, and many other skin and non-skin diseases too lengthy to list here (1,7,52,90,91,114). Treatment for hair loss, including medical and non-medical remedies, have, in most cases, yielded poor to fair results (9-14,51,53,59,92,93).

Treating hair loss with the current available options falls short of meeting the vast majority of patient expectations, regardless of whether the treatment is surgical, medical, or non-medical. Other factors, indirectly associated with not only hair loss, but how the hair loss treatments look as well, have a far greater impact on one's mental and physical health. These factors include the psychological, social, and emotional trauma resulting from how one looks and feels after losing hair and the inadequate solutions available. The extent of psychological, social, and emotional trauma does not end there. Long term anxiety and stress can affect one's physical wellbeing as well (2-6).

A hair restoration treatment that meets most if not all of the patient's key expectations such as the hair looking and feeling natural, providing good hair density, having a low risk of complications, being affordable, and having very low maintenance, would not only be in great demand but would also reduce the stress, anxiety, social, and physical impacts on one's life. In addition, a more natural looking hair loss solution would engender a very happy, confident, positive attitude and sense of wellbeing, which, if it can be calculated, would eliminate many financial, social, and emotions burdens carried by those who are afflicted (2-6).

A variety of hair replacement techniques and methods currently exists, such as hair pieces and toupees, hair weaves and extensions, hair implants, hair transplant surgery, and certain medical treatments that claim to grow hair such as minoxidil, finasteride, and the like. All these remedies provide limited success in one aspect or another, and these limitations not only prevent optimization of expectations but result in emotional setbacks.

Hair pieces, hair weaves, and hair extensions often do not look and feel so natural, resulting in not only ridicule but also a self-conscious sense or real awareness of how unnatural the hair system may look. In addition, these hair pieces or weaves may cause chronic skin irritation resulting in damage and permanent loss of the remaining natural healthy hair.

Hair transplant surgery, another remedy to hair loss (51,53), is not only very expensive, but is a very invasive surgical procedure having numerous medical risks including infection and scarring of the scalp, hair growth failure, and an unnatural look (26-30,51,54,55,57,104,108,109,113,114). Even if the hair transplant surgery is deemed a success with no scarring, infection, or hair growth failure, the results, in most cases, will still yield a very thin low density appearance (due to limitations of skin healing capacity), an unnatural appearance at the hairline area due to skin pitting (as a result of recipient site surgical skin trauma), and inappropriate diameter of hair fibers placed (should be fine very thin caliber hair fibers placed into the hairline for a natural transition—which are difficult to harvest) all of which results in an unnatural look.

Medical therapy of the underlying illness causing hair loss may treat the condition but typically does not result in the recovery of hair due to hair follicular organ trauma and death, and thus patients seek a hair restoration solution (1,7). There are some medical conditions that have no medical, non-medical, or surgical treatments such as certain types of alopecia (9).

Medical pharmacological therapy can prevent or stimulate hair growth directly, such as finasteride and minoxidil (10-14,59). These medications not only perform poorly regarding hair regrowth, but are also not benign treatments having no risks or side effects. Finasteride, for example, can not only cause a loss in libido but it can increase the risk of developing a more aggressive type of prostate cancer. Minoxidil, a topical medication, is problematic because it can grow hair in other parts of the body such as the face arms legs and chest, and this is a side effect that many men and especially women find disturbing. In addition, minoxidil can lower your blood pressure and cause to you faint or pass out.

Artificial hair implantation, another type of hair restoration method, is currently illegal in the United States but legal in Europe and other countries (15). Hair implants are associated with many risk factors such as pain, scarring, scalp infections, chronic inflammation, and deep scalp abscess and granuloma formation. There are numerous medical articles recommending not to perform hair implants due to these complications (16-19,60,103).

Hair implants are currently illegal in the United States and the FDA ruling on this matter has now been in force for many decades (15). Even though some isolated reports claim some success with artificial implants (21, 61-65, 87, 116, 117), the FDA banned the use of this artificial hair implant method due to the many patient complaints and complications such as infection, scarring, chronic inflammation, and other problems (15-19, 60). Even though illegal in the United States, it appears that artificial hair implantation is legal in many areas of the world including Asia and Europe. Currently there are two companies that have been manufacturing artificial hairs for implantation, Nido (Japan) (20), and Biofibre (Italy) (21), and have been selling and marketing these artificial hair implants for decades.

An example of a hair implant is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,061,284 of Laghi (117), in which a hair plug consists basically in a human hair on which an artificial follicle is formed. Also, U.S. Pat. No. 3,596,292 of Erb (116) teaches a hair implant structure having an anchoring portion extending below the surface of the skin and into the subcutaneous tissue, comprising tissue-pervious structures in the form of microvelours, microporous polymers, reticulated foam polymers or hydrated hydrogels (See FIG. 14)

A further example a hair implant is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,492,196 of Keren (87), which teaches an anchor formed with a rough surface and a slit or opening through which hair is inserted so that the bulbous root end is implanted into the target tissue. The opening of the slit is sized to restrain the bulbous end of the hair from passing through.

The three most prominent complications resulting from commercially available hair implant products are infection, inflammation, and scarring. The reason as to why these complications occur are related to the type of materials used, the specific design of the materials, and how (the surgical technique) they are anchored to the skin. If the materials, design, and techniques were improved, risks and complications would decrease dramatically making artificial hair implantation an acceptable alternative hair restoration solution for the hundreds of thousands of patients who suffer from hair loss worldwide.

The materials used in the current manufacturing of artificial hair implants involve primarily natural or artificial hair. Hair, whether natural or artificial, is a very antigenic reactive substance when confronted or seen by the immune system (22, 23). Considering the hyper-reactivity and immune response to the materials currently being used, there appears to be little to no medical consideration regarding material selection and how to minimize this negative interaction with the body. When this hair implant is placed deep into the scalp, a lengthy portion of the hair is directly in contact and totally unshielded from the blood or immune system. This deep placement and direct contact of the hair with the body will dramatically increase the potential to invoke an intense and chronic inflammatory response, which is the source of chronic inflammation, pain, infection, granuloma formation, and other serious issues.

The current hair implant design is rather rudimentary, once again, reflecting no medical consideration for natural anatomy, physiology, immunology nor the microbiological factors involved. This design promotes inflammatory interactions with the body and does not provide an appropriate barrier for microbiological (bacterial) protection. In addition, there is no hair implant design element even attempting to stop foreign invaders (bacteria) from entering the body which, by having no barrier as part of the hair implant design, can cause serious acute and long term chronic infections.

The current hair implant technique involves placement of the artificial hair deep into and under the skin. This deep placement involves tunneling the artificial hair under the skin and then attaching it to the deep fascia that lies just above the skull, called the Galea Aponeurotica. Looping and mounting the artificial hair into the Galea is the anchoring mechanism which secures the hair from falling out. Even though this is a very secure mounting technique, it does not allow for, once again, medical consideration regarding adverse immune system interactions or an appropriate bacterial barrier preventing infection, and thus inflammation and infectious complications will follow. Keep in mind that this technique, with very deep and specific placement into fascia type tissue, is limited to the scalp area and does not allow for hair placement in any other part of the body. In addition, there are major problems inherent to this type of mounting technique which involve a high risk of chronic inflammation, abscess formation, severe scarring and granuloma formation, etc. These complications can occur because the implanted artificial (or natural) hair is not shielded, or is in direct contact with the immune system, nor is there a barrier mechanism to prevent bacterial from entering into the body. In addition, the implanted hair fiber may fracture or fragment leaving portions of highly antigenic hair pieces deep in and under the skin resulting in acute and chronic inflammation, potential cyst and granuloma formation, chronic pain and scarring.

Accordingly, it is desired to provide improved artificial hair implants and hair restoration methods using same. It is further desired to provide artificial hair implants, which provide a natural appearance, are configured for secure implantation in the skin, do not elicit an antigenic or inflammatory response, and can be implanted in a variety of densities and patterns.

All references cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A first aspect of the invention is a hair implant, comprising: at least two strands comprising at least one of mammalian hair and synthetic hair; and an anchor, which: (a) comprises silicone, (b) is configured for subcutaneous implantation, (c) comprises a fracture line configured to facilitate fracturing of the anchor along the fracture line for ease of removal of the implant after subcutaneous implantation, and (d) is configured to provide a scaffold for collagen growth after subcutaneous implantation, wherein at least one of the at least two strands is joined to the anchor on one side of the fracture line and at least one of the at least two strands is joined to the anchor on an opposite side of the fracture line such that each fragment formed by fracturing the implant comprises at least one of the at least two strands.

In certain embodiments, the at least two strands are synthetic hairs comprising a filament of a polymer selected from the group consisting of polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, polyethylene, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene chloride, polyurethane, polyester and copolymers thereof.

In certain embodiments, the at least two strands have a diameter from 0.02 to 0.2 mm.

In certain embodiments, the at least two stands have a length from 1 cm to 50 cm.

In certain embodiments, the anchor has a largest dimension of 0.1 to 2.5 mm.

In certain embodiments, the anchor has a diameter that decreases from a proximal end to a distal end thereof.

In certain embodiments, the anchor has a diameter that increases from a proximal end to a distal end thereof.

In certain embodiments, the anchor has a diameter that is substantially constant from a proximal end to a distal end thereof.

In certain embodiments, the anchor has a mid-section concavity that is roughly equidistant from a proximal end to a distal end of the hair implant.

In certain embodiments, the anchor has an open tunnel on at least one of the distal end and the proximal end of the anchor.

In certain embodiments, the anchor has at least one open tunnel, at least one closed tunnel and at least one bridge between two vertical components.

In certain embodiments, the anchor has an undulation on a distal lateral side thereof, said undulation being effective to inhibit bacterial infection.

In certain embodiments, the anchor has at least one tunnel configured to receive and retain collagen ligatures so as to bind the anchor to the hair implant recipient.

In certain embodiments, the anchor consists of silicone.

In certain embodiments, the anchor is free of hinged leaves.

In certain embodiments, the hair implant is free of metal components.

A second aspect of the invention is a hair restoration method comprising: inserting a needle into the skin to form an incision; inserting an implant of the invention in the incision such that 0.1-2 mm of a silicone coating on a proximal end of each of the at least two strands remains: (a) outside the skin, (b) above the epidermis, (c) under the skin, or (d) below the epidermis; and applying an adhesive to the incision.

In certain embodiments of the method, the incision is made to a depth of 2-8 mm.

In certain embodiments of the method, the adhesive is cyanoacrylate.

In certain embodiments of the method, collagen infiltrates tunnels of the anchor to form ligatures binding the implant.

In certain embodiments of the method, the implant is inserted in the incision such that 0.1-2 mm of the silicone coating on the proximal end of each of the at least two strands remains outside the skin or above the epidermis.

In certain embodiments of the method, the implant is inserted in the incision such that 0.1-2 mm of the silicone coating on the proximal end of each of the at least two strands remains under the skin or below the epidermis.

A third aspect of the invention is a method for manufacturing the implant of the invention, said method comprising: providing a mold comprising at least one cavity for forming the anchor; filling the at least one cavity with a silicone liquid; coating 2-10 mm of a proximal end of the at least one strand with a silicone coating; submersing in the silicone liquid the proximal end of the at least one strand to a depth such that 0.1-2 mm of the silicone coating remains outside of the silicone liquid in the cavity; curing the silicone liquid to provide a solid product; removing the solid product from the mold; and sterilizing the solid product so as to provide the implant.

A fourth aspect of the invention is a hair implant, comprising: at least one strand comprising at least one of mammalian hair and synthetic hair; and an anchor, which: (a) comprises silicone, (b) is configured for subcutaneous implantation, (c) comprises a fracture line configured to facilitate fracturing of the anchor along the fracture line for ease of removal of the implant after subcutaneous implantation, and (d) is configured to provide a scaffold for collagen growth after subcutaneous implantation, wherein the at least one strand is in an internal hair chamber leading from a first distal orifice to a second distal orifice such that each end of the at least one strand remains outside the anchor.

A fifth aspect of the invention is a hair implant suitable for subcutaneous implantation, comprising:

-   -   a. a hair strand anchor comprising:         -   i. an anchor body;         -   ii. a first hair chamber disposed within said anchor body;         -   iii. a second hair chamber disposed within said anchor body;             and         -   iv. at least one tunnel disposed through said anchor body,             said tunnel further disposed in between said first hair             chamber and said second hair chamber, where the tunnel is             free of a hair; and     -   b. at least one hair strand having a portion thereof retained in         at least one of the hair chambers, wherein said retained portion         of hair strand is further encased by said hair chamber;

wherein said tunnel is configured to support collagen ligature growth after subcutaneous implantation of the hair implant, wherein said tunnel is configured to receive and retain collagen ligatures that are capable of anchoring said hair strand anchor to a hair implant recipient.

In certain embodiments of the hair implant, said hair strand is a human hair strand or a synthetic hair strand.

In certain embodiments of the hair implant, said anchor body is constructed from a biocompatible polymer, silicone, silicone polymer, metal, or metal alloy.

In certain embodiments of the hair implant, at least one end of the hair strand projects from a distal end of the anchor body.

In certain embodiments of the hair implant, said first hair chamber is fluidly connected to said second hair chamber to form a U-shaped hair chamber, wherein said hair strand is retained in said U-shaped hair chamber such that both ends of said hair strand project from a distal end of the anchor body.

In certain embodiments, the hair implant comprises at least two hair strands, wherein a proximal end of each hair strand is disposed and encased within one of said hair chambers.

In certain embodiments of the hair implant, the tunnel is an open tunnel disposed through the anchor body at a distal end or a proximal end thereof.

In certain embodiments of the hair implant, the tunnel is a closed tunnel disposed through the anchor body.

In certain embodiments of the hair implant, the anchor body has at least two tunnels disposed therethrough.

In certain embodiments of the hair implant, the at least two tunnels are parallel open tunnels, disposed on opposing ends of the anchor body.

In certain embodiments of the hair implant, the at least two tunnels are parallel closed tunnels disposed through the anchor body.

In certain embodiments of the hair implant, at least one of the tunnels is an open tunnel disposed on a distal end or a proximal end of the anchor body, and at least one of the tunnels is a closed tunnel disposed through the anchor body.

In certain embodiments of the hair implant, the tunnel through the anchor body effectively creates a longitudinal fracture line through said anchor body that intersects the tunnel.

A sixth aspect of the invention is a hair implant suitable for subcutaneous implantation, comprising:

-   -   a. a hair strand anchor comprising:         -   i. a first anchor body;         -   ii. a second anchor body; and         -   iii. at least one bridge connecting said first anchor body             to said second anchor body so as to bridge at least one void             between said anchor bodies, said void being free of hair;             and     -   b. at least one hair strand having a portion thereof retained in         at least one of the anchor bodies, wherein said retained portion         of hair strand is further encased by said anchor body;     -   wherein said bridge connecting said anchor bodies is configured         to support and retain collagen ligature growth after         subcutaneous implantation of the hair implant, wherein said         collagen ligatures are configured to anchor said hair strand         anchor to a hair implant recipient.

In certain embodiments of the hair implant, said hair strand is a human hair strand or a synthetic hair strand.

In certain embodiments of the hair implant, said hair strand anchor is constructed from a biocompatible polymer, silicone, silicone polymer, metal, or metal alloy.

In certain embodiments of the hair implant, each of said anchor bodies has a hair chamber disposed therein.

In certain embodiments, the hair implant comprises at least two hair strands, wherein a proximal end of each hair strand is disposed and encased within one of said hair chambers.

In certain embodiments of the hair implant, said hair chamber of the first anchor body is fluidly connected to said hair chamber of the first anchor body to form a U-shaped hair chamber, wherein said portion of the hair strand is retained in said U-shaped hair chamber such that both ends of said hair strand project from a distal end of the hair strand anchor.

In certain embodiments of the hair implant, a portion of said U-shaped hair chamber is disposed in said bridge.

A seventh aspect of the invention comprises a method of subcutaneously implanting a hair implant in a hair implant recipient. The method comprises:

-   -   a. providing any one of the hair strand anchors described         herein;     -   b. applying an adhesive to a portion of a first hair strand;     -   c. inserting said portion of the first hair strand into the         first hair chamber;     -   d. applying the adhesive to a portion of a second hair strand;     -   e. inserting said portion of the second hair strand into the         second hair chamber; and     -   f. inserting the hair strand anchor into a subcutaneous tissue         of the recipient, thereby invoking a foreign body reaction such         that the anchor becomes encapsulated by collagen and collagen         ligature growth is disposed through the tunnel of the anchor,         thus anchoring said hair strand anchor to the hair implant         recipient.

In a first preferred embodiment of a proximal to distal insertion method, the hair will not be glued first but will first be inserted into the proximal orifice of the vertical component hair chamber, then the hair is pushed through until only 6 mm of the proximal end is visible, then glue is added to this 6 mm end, and finally the hair is continued to be pulled through until completely in the hair chamber.

In a second preferred embodiment of a proximal to distal insertion method, the hair will not be glued first but will first be knotted at its proximal end, and then fed into the proximal opening of the knot chamber until only about 6 mm of the proximal end of the hair is visible. Glue is then applied to this 6 mm end (which will contain the knots), and then the hair is continued to be fed through the hair chamber until reaches the most distal end of the knot chamber.

In certain embodiments of the hair implant, said at least one void effectively creates a longitudinal fracture line through said hair strand anchor that intersects said bridge.

In certain embodiments, the hair implant further comprises at least a second bridge connecting said first anchor body to said second anchor body, and bridging at least one void between said anchor bodies.

In certain embodiments of the hair implant, said second bridge is parallel to the first bridge.

A eight aspect of the invention is an anchor comprising: (a) a first hair chamber configured to receive at least one hair strand; (b) a second hair chamber configured to receive at least one hair strand; and (c) at least one tunnel disposed through said anchor between the first hair chamber and the second hair chamber, wherein: (i) the anchor is configured for subcutaneous implantation with at least one hair strand fixed in at least one of the first hair chamber and the second hair chamber; (ii) the tunnel is configured to support collagen ligature growth after subcutaneous implantation by receiving and retaining collagen ligatures that are capable of anchoring the anchor to a hair implant recipient.

In certain embodiments of the anchor, at least one tunnel defines a longitudinal fracture line through the anchor that intersects the tunnel, such that the anchor is configured to fracture along the fracture line upon application of sufficient force to facilitate removal of the anchor.

One of the unique and inventive technical features of the present invention is the tunnel, or void, being located interior (e.g., middle) of the anchor between the hair chambers, which allows for the surrounding anchor body around the tunnel to protect the tunnel from fracturing into multiple pieces, unlike the porous mesh of Erb (116). For instance, the porous mesh of Erb has holes that are not surrounded by a substantial anchor body, and the thin walls between the pores would be vulnerable to fragmentation into multiple pieces. Further still, if the tunnel were to fragment, despite the thick surrounding anchor body, the tunnel will fragment in a defined way as to be right down the middle between the two hair chambers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be described in conjunction with the following drawings in which like reference numerals designate like elements and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of an implant of the invention.

FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C are front views of three other embodiments of an implant of the invention.

FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D show front views of four embodiments of anchors of the invention.

FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C show front views of three other embodiments of anchors of the invention.

FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C and 5D show front views of four other embodiments of anchors of the invention.

FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D show front views of four other embodiments of implants of the invention.

FIG. 7 is a front view of another embodiment of an anchor of the invention.

FIG. 8 is a top schematic view of an embodiment of the invention wherein implants are placed in the scalp of a patient in a regular spaced apart manner defined by a grid.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of another embodiment of an anchor of the invention.

FIGS. 10A and 10B are side views of additional embodiments of an implant of the invention.

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of another embodiment of an implant of the invention.

FIG. 12 is a schematic view of a scalp not in need of hair implantation.

FIG. 13 is a schematic cross-section of skin showing the natural anatomy of hair follicles and follicular units.

FIG. 14 is a table showing a summary of the present invention compared to the prior art.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

The goal of implanting artificial hair into the body is to achieve a natural appearance with minimal to no side effects. Artificial hair implantation in accordance with the invention achieves this goal by providing a viable and safe patient option for hair loss restoration, which will meet and exceed the expectations of patients not only desiring additional scalp hair but also hair on any part of the body including facial, limb, torso, and pubic areas as well, without the untoward effects from prior and current methods.

Observing the natural form of existing living hair follicles and their anatomy has provided valuable information regarding desirable structural and functional elements of artificial hair implant materials, design, and placement technique.

Natural hair visibly appears exiting from the skin from the deeper dermal layer. This is a very important observation (57,86). If one examines hair weaves, hair extensions, or similar hair systems, the hair exits from above the skin and often looks not only unnatural but does not match the natural hair color or hair density patterns that are found with natural hair growth on the sides and back of the scalp. Upon close inspection of these hair systems, it is possible to see the artificial substrate to which the hair is anchored. In addition, the hair system requires some type of mechanism for anchoring the substrate to the skin, such as tape, glue, or some type of clip. This type of system is like wearing a thick wooly hat which can be uncomfortable at times regarding heat, sweating, and irritation.

Natural anatomic hair density and patterns will vary according to a person's age and sex. Very natural and thick looking hair can be achieved with hair implantation because unlike hair transplant surgery, there is an unlimited amount of hair available to implant. Mass production of the hair implants is possible, unlike natural living hair follicles. Achieving the appropriate hair density results is also accomplished by utilizing a sleek and narrow implant design which will allow close placement or approximation between each hair implant. The hair implant design preferably mimics the general size and shape of the natural hair follicle (88,89). This issue of achieving high hair densities becomes critical for women and young men because, in a far majority of times, they have very full and dense hair patterns showing no signs of hair loss, hair recess patterns, or any balding patterns whatsoever. Any type of hair restoration, whether medical, surgical, non-medical, that yields a low-density look will result in a sub-optimal look for such patients, which results in disappointment and low self-esteem.

Medical treatment, such as minoxidil or finasteride, is not capable of such success. Hair transplant surgery cannot achieve the density goals due to limited “living” hairs to transplant from the donor area, and placing living hair grafts too close together result in trauma and hair follicular death. Even with the best medical and surgical efforts, 80 to 90 follicular units per square centimeter, which is the natural density of scalp hair, cannot be achieved (55). Artificial hair, such as hair pieces, weaves, wigs, etc., can achieve the hair density and pattern, but these systems are just too unnatural looking and are very uncomfortable generating heat, sweat, and, in addition, skin irritation, inflammation and traction alopecia resulting in further natural hair loss (90-93).

Cells in the body, including cells of the skin, have natural attachments to each other. These attachments provide not only communication channels but protect the body from bacteria entering. These attachment mechanisms, also called tight junctions, or desmosomes (33-38), provide for hair follicle anchoring, protection from invading bacteria, and protection from the immune system cells approaching or contacting the hair fiber itself.

The natural flora or microbiological organisms of the skin are numerous. These microorganisms are mostly harmless and provide benefits by immune system communication and cooperation in assisting in the defense of the body. However, these living quarters are limited by the natural physical barriers present in the skin. The structural anchoring and physical barrier mechanisms of the skin, including the hair follicle and its close association to the surrounding skin, glandular elements, and desmosomal cellular junctions between the cells, limit the natural flora of the skin to penetrate the deeper skin layers and blood circulation. (39,40,41). The natural flora will change under certain circumstances such as when hair loss occurs. If there is loss of the hair follicle, and its anatomic structure which penetrates deep into the skin is no longer present, the normal flora will no longer live there. When a hair implant is placed, this follicular anatomy will be re-created and bacteria will, once again, reside in the superficial skin surface area. When the hair implant forms the outer collagen shell, or collagen envelope from the foreign body reaction, a channel (or slight spacing) between the implant and collagen will exist to a certain distance distally, which will mimic the natural follicular anatomy with its natural flora to some degree. With the formation of the collagen envelop, a strong physical barrier will exist to eliminate bacterial entrance into deeper layers of the skin and into the blood or lymphatic circulation. This type of collagenous barrier is the very same barrier found in the normal anatomy and histology of the natural hair follicle (89).

Natural hair fibers are known to be antigenic and very reactive and highly inflammatory when they are exposed to the immune system. A collagen envelope surrounding the natural hair follicle prevents the immune system from “seeing” and attacking or killing the living hair follicle organ (30,42,43,44). When the hair or hair follicle is found out of place, such as when there is ingrown hair for example, the hair encounters the immune system. Ingrown hair invokes a foreign body giant cell reaction (cells involved in the foreign body reaction) whereby the immune system attempts to encapsulate the hair or hair particles with collagen (45,46). This is the very reaction that needs to be prevented when using hair implants.

There are about 100,000 hairs on the human scalp, and about 5 million on the human body. There are about 120 square inches of hair bearing skin on the scalp. Each square inch, or 6.4 square centimeters, comprises 833 hairs, or about 130 hairs per square centimeter. See FIG. 12.

Hair loss is not perceived or observed until about 50% is lost. The ultimate goal in hair restoration is to achieve the appearance of a full head of hair, which can be achieved by providing only 50% of the normal quantity of hair per unit area. The invention can provide the appearance of a full head of hair or something less for those whose hair restoration goals are more modest.

Assuming total hair loss from the human scalp, replacement of 50% of the original quantity requires the implantation of 65 hairs per square centimeter. The invention preferably enables implantation of up to 65 or up to 100 hairs per square centimeter. This is greater than the required 65 hairs, but allows for hair loss over time. The extra density will maintain the appearance of a full head of hair for a greater length of time between hair implant sessions.

Upon examining the scalp, it will be observed that most hair follicles naturally group close together in clusters, and typically are not isolated as single hair follicles. These natural groupings are termed “follicular units” or FUs. As shown in FIG. 13, follicular units 60 typically include 1, 2, 3 or 4 hairs 28. See (52). Hair 28 grows out of follicle 62 within dermis 58 and exits epidermis 56. This aspect of natural anatomy has been taken into consideration in the design and manufacturing of the artificial hair implants.

Hair follicle density and depth into the skin is also observed. Surgical photos demonstrate the depth and density of hair follicles (51,54,55).

In addition to these key anatomic observations of the natural hair follicle, there are other functional elements such as sensory nerves, blood vessels feeding the hair follicle, sebaceous and other glandular elements involved with certain liquid secretions that are associated with the natural living hair follicle. The absence of such functional elements from artificial hair implants does not impede the goals of very natural feeling and looking hair.

Thus, there are several features in the natural anatomic design that can be emulated in the artificial design to meet the patient's goals of achieving a full or near full complement of naturally feeling and looking hair. Artificial implants of the invention preferably provide one or more of the following features: (1) the natural look of hair exiting the scalp, (2) natural hair density and pattern, (3) appropriate anchoring of the hair implant to prevent undesirable fall out, and (4) protecting the artificial hair implant from the immune system and preventing short and long term inflammation.

Hair Implantation: Structure, Function, and New Innovative Considerations

Materials

Introduction

Medical grade silicone rubber and similar materials have been used for cosmetic and medical use for decades as major components of implantable medical devices. These materials have been used in millions of people over the last few decades for facial, breast, and other body enhancements. These implants have been proven safe for permanent implantation into the body. Even though safe, it is recognized that there is the possibility of the need for future replacement of such implants over time. Implant replacement is indicated, for example in the case of long standing, malformed or ruptured silicone breast implants (and other cosmetic implants), when severe contracture, pain, psychological issues, or an aggressive foreign body reaction with collagen encapsulation of the medical device results. (66-70,73-75).

The anchor portion of the implant, with or without any assistance or need of an additional chemical coating to help provide longevity, will be in direct contact with the body and immune system. This material will invoke a foreign body reaction. The foreign body reaction will result in walling off or encapsulating the implant with collagen. This reaction will continue until the entire implant is surrounded with collagen. This enveloping of collagen around the implant is favorable for many reasons. First, the complete collagen envelope around the implant will shield the immune system from the implant itself, which is the goal of the foreign body reaction to any foreign body. Second, the collagen will form a chemical bond directly with the implant material resulting in an attachment or implant stabilizing anchoring feature. Third, the collagen formation, over time, will contract, which will add additional anchoring and stabilization of the implant along concave aspects of the implant. Lastly, and most importantly, this collagen envelope is naturally found in the normal anatomy of the hair follicle, which provides a natural collagen barrier for the highly antigenic hair follicle from the immune system, and thus, will provide the same function for the hair implant.

The foreign body reaction is the body's response to a foreign body invading or entering the body such as a piece of metal, plastic, or foreign substance. The ultimate goal of this reaction is to protect the body by quarantine or encapsulating the foreign substance with collagen, and thereby entombing and subsequently rendering this substance harmless to the body. Once this immune system response has been completed, this encapsulation reaction will cease.

Considering that the immune system's foreign body reaction results in collagen encapsulation, this mechanism can be exploited and used in a special way regarding the hair implant healing and anchoring process. This reaction can assist in producing collagen in a controlled and precise manner. The desired objectives would be to surround and form an envelope of collagen around the hair implant, provide anti-bacterial protection, provide significant anchoring features needed for stability and the success of hair implantation, and protect the implant from further immune system reactions, such as chronic inflammation, etc. The foreign body reaction and the sequence of events will be discussed below.

After placement of the hair implants, the body will see that a foreign substance has been introduced into the body. The hair implant itself, with the silicone tip or anchor will be exposed or in direct contact with the body. This direct contact will initiate the very special biochemical immune system reaction, the foreign body reaction.

This foreign body reaction is typically seen as the end-stage response of the inflammatory and wound healing process following implantation of a medical device or prosthesis. The objective of this special type of reaction is to wall off or quarantine this foreign substance in an effort to protect the body. This reaction, which is quite different from a white blood cell response to a bacterial infection, is composed of very special cells called macrophages and foreign body giant cells. These cells initiate an inflammatory response resulting in collagen formation which will ultimately surround or wall off the foreign body in total if possible, essentially entombing it in collagen and rendering it safe or harmless while remaining in the body. This also results in immune system dormancy.

This resulting envelope of collagen formation around the implant will prevent a chronic inflammatory reaction by completely shielding it from the immune system. This reaction towards the hair implant is desirable.

In addition, the collagen formation will help anchor the hair implant to the skin by a combination of biochemical reactions and physical interactions. The biochemical reaction is the direct attachment of the collagen to the silicone material.

A physical interaction between the newly formed collagen and the hair implant anchor will also occur. Considering that in certain embodiments the shape of the anchor is concave, the collagen will hug or tighten around the anchor preventing the anchor from release from the skin. Another physical feature of the anchor are tunnels. These tunnels will allow the collagen to infiltrate the anchor forming a loop of collagen which will help bind the implant with a living biological ligature. The biological collagen ligatures will be one of the main mechanisms by which the anchor is held in. If the anchor were to fracture along the fracture line, which it is designed to do if excessive erosion or stress is placed on the anchor, the collagen ligatures will release causing instability of the resulting two parts of the anchor. This destabilization permits easy release of the anchor thus prevent fragment retention within the body.

Lastly, the combination of the collagen enveloping and direct physical anchoring effects result in a tightening effect of the collagen around the anchor, which adds an additional protective feature, preventing bacteria from entering in between the anchor and the collagen envelope due to the limited space formed there. Now, with the foreign body (the anchor) entombed in collagen, the body's immune system has accomplished its protective function and will allow the entombed substance to remain within the body, without further acute or chronic inflammatory reactions, for the rest of one's life.

It is critical to note that natural hair follicles have a collagen shell or envelope as well, which is a very important and interesting parallel to not only mention but to emulate. As natural hair fibers are developing embryologically, this protective collagen envelope is seen forming around the hair follicle. This is not by accident but by design because without this outer collagen shell, the body would attack the hair follicle thinking it was a foreign body, and destroy it.

Thus, the foreign body reaction is exploited to serve the many aforementioned hair implant functions and goals such as hair implant anchoring and stability, infection prevention, immune reaction dormancy eliminating chronic inflammatory conditions, and preventing subsequent pain, discomfort and scarring.

Natural Look

Obtaining the natural look of hair exiting the skin at the epidermal level can be accomplished by using natural (or synthetic) hair fiber strands, and implanting these fibers in such a fashion as to emulate the normal hair fiber—epidermal junction anatomy (with no pitting, or unusual anatomic aberrations). The materials needed to accomplish this are the natural looking hair strands, whether natural or synthetic, and, for simplicity of the discussion, silicone rubber to coat the tip of the hair. The hair tip portion that is coated with silicone rubber will be in direct contact or implanted into the skin itself. The key to a natural hair exit look from the scalp or any hair bearing skin areas, is closely associated with the type of incision made (discussed in the implant technique section) and the shape of the silicone implant at the epidermal level (discussed in the design section).

The hair strand(s), whether natural or artificial, can be tailored in color, shape, length, etc., to the anatomic location and cosmetic desires and needs of the patient. For example, hair implants for the scalp can be custom designed to be long, short, straight, curly, black, or blonde, etc. Hair implants can also be customized for the eyebrows, pubic, and other areas of the body. See, e.g., Otberg et al. (58).

Considering that the hair component, whether natural or synthetic, will be coated with another material and then implanted into the skin, the type of hair used is not critical since the hair is not visible to the body or immune system. Only the coating on the hair will be in direct contact with the skin and subcutaneous tissues or immune system. This coating substance, such as medical grade silicone (or other or combination of materials such as an additional outer layer of polycarbonate), will be in direct contact with the skin and immune system and thereby play a role to not only biochemically bind, physically hold, ligature anchor, to stabilize the implant but also to reduce the oxidation reaction in efforts to preserve the integrity of the implant long term from fracture or breakdown.

Materials suitable for the hair component of the inventive implant include but are not limited to human hair, animal hair and synthetic polymers. Non-limiting examples of polymers suitable for synthetic hair include one or more of polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, polyethylene, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene chloride, polyurethane and polyester.

Hair suitable for use in the invention can be straight, tightly curled or loosely curled. Suitable hair can be colored, partially colored or uncolored. The length of the hair fibers is not particularly limited, but suitable hair fibers are preferably at least 5 cm or at least 10 cm or at least 15 cm in length for ease of styling after implantation. Hair materials suitable for use in the invention preferably have a diameter similar to naturally occurring hair, for example, ranging from 0.02 to 0.2 mm. The cross-sectional shape of the hair is preferably elliptical or round, like naturally occurring hair.

Hair Density and Pattern

The anchor preferably has a very narrow design, simulating the actual size of the natural hair follicle, which enables close placement or approximation of the hair implants, yielding a greater density of hairs per unit area. The anchor preferably has significant material strength and durability to withstand pulling forces and oxidation reactions from the immune system.

Anchoring of the Hair Implant

The composition of the anchor of the inventive implant plays a major role in anchoring of the hair implant; however, there are other major factors involved with anchoring such as the shape and internal structure of the implant which will be discussed in the design section. The implant material allows for the stimulation of the foreign body reaction to take place, resulting in a collagen envelope forming directly around the implant. This close association will then result in a biochemical bond between the collagen and the base (i.e., anchor). This bond, whether covalent and/or non-covalent, will provide an anchoring force. Another factor is that the material promotes collagen formation external and internal to the implant. The anchor preferably comprises tunnels (defined herein as voids of varying dimensions that are configured for infiltration by host tissues, which include but are not limited to pores, grooves and channels) so the foreign body reaction and subsequent collagen formation can infiltrate the anchor and act as a ligature to hold the implant in place. The material of the anchor is preferably a stimulant or collagen growth promoter to encourage this to happen.

The hair implantation prior art teaches that the foreign body reaction is detrimental to implantation and is to be avoided. The instant invention proceeds contrary to the prior art by encouraging the foreign body reaction and the resultant formation of a collagen shell or envelope, and collagen ligatures through the tunnels of the inventive implants to anchor them to the scalp or other tissue.

For example, Erb et al. (116) states that the goal is to avoid the foreign body reaction and rejection reactions and Laghi (117) states that the foreign body reaction is destructive. Moreover, Erb et al. teaches tissue growth resulting from a non-foreign body reaction, which is cellular rather than collagenous in nature.

Protecting the Hair Implant from the Immune System

The anchor material assists in protecting the hair implant from immune system attacks and oxidation by invoking a foreign body reaction. The foreign body reaction will allow the body to envelope the hair implant with a collagen wall and thus “shut down” the immune system since the goal and final reaction of the foreign body reaction is the quarantining of the foreign body, which is, in this case, the hair implant itself. In addition, a more durable material will resist oxidation from interaction between the implant material and the body. This oxidative process may come from the immune system or local cells releasing certain chemicals causing this reaction. Lastly, the material preferably allows for a linear fracture (or break) line and eliminates fragmenting. The material preferably allows for limited risk of breaking into small pieces. References teaching other implantation methods, such as Erb et al. (116), Laghi (117) and Keren (87), do not recognize the potential problem of fragmentation, which may result in device fragment retention and chronic inflammation, and do not propose a solution to this very significant issue.

Hair Implant Safety Features

The materials used for implantable medical devices for human use have been studied and have been proven safe and subsequently, have been used for over 50 years now. They have been proven safe, of course, but with limitations. For example breast implants typically last 10 or so years. Even though not permanent, it is acceptable to have them removed and then replaced. In this line of thinking, hair implants may last 10 or more years as well, possibly falling out naturally, or simply being pulled out, etc., however, hair implants can be replaced as well.

Design

Introduction

The design used for the hair implant of the invention involves a certain size, shape, and internal structure to optimize certain objectives such as providing secure anchoring, a bacterial barrier, natural and appropriate hair density and pattern placement, and structural integrity of the implant to prevent oxidation and fracture.

Natural Look of Hair Exiting the Scalp

One key design factor for making hair implants to look as natural as possible is to closely look at how natural hair exits the skin at the epidermal level. The standard or objective in hair implant design is for the hair implant to exit the scalp with the same or similar epidermal-dermal anatomy of existing hair. Natural hair exiting the scalp (with all of its natural anatomic features) is the ultimate goal to parallel.

The natural hair exiting the epidermis has certain anatomic features such as a narrow diameter exit pore and a certain epidermal slope angle and depth. These natural anatomic characteristics can be emulated by applying certain design features to the hair implant device. For example, by designing the distal end of the hair implant with a tubular shape, minimal diameter, and with an appropriate distal to proximal widening slope, the hair implant will allow the epidermal opening diameter and internal sloping to be the same or similar to natural hair. Of course, this epidermal development regarding shaping will occur during the healing process which will involve the foreign body reaction and epidermal migration.

This natural look of hair exiting the skin is a rare characteristic with most if not all hair restoration solutions. Wigs and toupees have the hair exiting from above the skin, not very natural at all. Hair transplant surgery will result in hair exiting from under the skin; however, in most cases, the techniques used typically result in skin damage causing the skin pore to widen and deepen in size, often referred to as a pitting skin look.

Hair Density and Hair Pattern

Design of the anchor will also have an impact on the hair density and pattern and the anchor shape with a general sleek narrow design and crimped-angled proximal hair strand will assist in achieving these goals. The sleek or narrow design, preferably not being wider than 300-2500 microns in any particular area, will allow for a greater placement of hair implants per unit area, with the goal of achieving hair densities found naturally in any hair bearing area.

Hair density and patterns vary among men and women, among the young and old, among race and religions. Natural looking hair, whether the implants are sparsely or closely placed, can achieve the desired hair density and pattern goals for each patient. The high density or “very thick look”, for the young and women, can be achieved by this sleek narrow design of the hair implant allowing for close approximation of each hair implant, resulting in a dense natural hair pattern look. Conversely, a less dense pattern can be placed for elderly men, as desired.

Closely associated with hair density is hair pattern. This involves hair placement location and angle of exit. For example, if an elderly man wants to not only have a thinning look but also wants a receding hairline with a very thin crown area, this is easily achieved by the physical placement of the implants to the desired skin areas. The angle of exit is a more important feature on the temporal scalp and eyebrow areas. In these locations, the implant will need to angle more acutely than what is surgically permitted when making the recipient site. For example, when making the recipient site the physician can only insert the needle/cutting device at a certain angle, which is not acute enough. The need for this acute angle is critical because if the eyebrow hair does not grow parallel to the skin, but in an upward and outward fashion, this will look very unnatural. To achieve this acute angulation, the hair component itself will be angled or curled. Inserting such a non-linear hair into the silicone portion of the implant will provide that additional hair exit angulation needed to make the hair look natural.

Anchoring of the Hair Implant

Design, involving the external and internal shape, will be the most significant aspects regarding hair implant anchoring.

The internal structure consists of one or more tunnels. The foreign body reaction will produce collagen along all the surfaces of silicone, including the internal tunnel surfaces. When the collagen forms with the silicone lined tunnels, it will form a natural loop of collagen, much like a natural anchoring stitch or ligature helping to anchor the implant from being pulled out.

The external structure, which is preferably provided with certain concave sections, will provide grip points after the collagen has developed around the implant. When the implant has been surrounded with collagen, and since there are concave and convex portions, more physical force to pull out the hair implant from the skin will be needed because of the added drag placed on the implant by the collagen.

Another factor to consider is the collagen contraction that occurs over time. For example, when silicone breast implants are placed the foreign body reaction results in a collagen shell around the implant. This collagen shell will contract, or exert a force on the breast implants over time. This is not favorable for breast implants because it results in patient discomfort and pain; however, this is favorable regarding the hair implant device. This collagen formation and contracture force will help anchor the hair implant. In addition, this contracture force will provide a more secure tight barrier between the implant and skin/subcutaneous area, which will prevent bacterial migration.

Protecting the Hair Implant from the Immune System

Referring to FIG. 1, anchor 22 of implant 20 comprises two vertical components (or anchor bodies) 24 joined by a bridge 26, with closed tunnel (or void) 42 above the bridge and open tunnel 44 below the bridge. In this embodiment of the invention, which mimics a natural follicular unit having two hairs and two hair follicles, each hair 28 is contained within an internal hair chamber 30, which has a distal orifice 32 and a proximal closure 38 near the proximal end of implant 20. Hair 28 exits distal end 34 of implant 20 through distal orifice 32. In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, at least one hair 28 is on each side of fracture line 46 (discussed in greater detail below), such that there is at least one hair in each of the two fragments resulting from fracturing of implant 20.

Anchor 22 is preferably about 2-8 mm or 3-6 mm in length (i.e., along a longitudinal axis defined by the hair strand(s) within the anchor; top to bottom in the perspective shown in FIG. 1), preferably about 500 microns to 2.5 mm in width (i.e., along an axis transverse to the longitudinal axis; left to right in the perspective shown in FIG. 1) and preferably about 500 microns to 2.5 mm in depth (i.e., toward the viewer and away from the viewer in the perspective shown in FIG. 1). The dimensions of the anchor are preferably modified depending on the location of hair placement.

For example, scalp hairs penetrate the skin to a depth of approximately 6 mm, and eyebrow hairs are generally shorter, about 3-4 mm in length. This depth design not only parallels the natural depth penetration of the natural hair follicle but provides additional favorable safety features. This minimal depth design will allow the body to encapsulate or envelope with collagen and conceal the implant from the immune system, unlike prior art hair implant systems. In addition, after the collagen formation has been completed by the immune system via the foreign body reaction, the interaction between the silicone implant and the immune system will cease. This is not the case with the prior art hair implant technique, which exposes a relatively very long piece of very antigenic hair (whether natural or synthetic) to the immune system by placing the hair deep into the scalp and looping or connecting the hair to the deep fascia of the scalp, the Galea Aponeurotica. This prior art system results in a state of chronic inflammation with further sequalae such as infection, scarring, granuloma formation, and pain. The collagen enveloping of such a long hair implant, with a knot at the end, and the hair traversing multiple planes of tissue, has proven to be difficult regarding compete encapsulation of collagen. Without complete encapsulation of the hair implant with collagen, the foreign body reaction will continue in perpetuity not allowing immune system to shut down or remain dormant.

Hair Implant Safety Features

There are two primary concerns with hair implant safety—infection and inflammation.

Infection is caused by living organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Living organisms naturally live on the skin surface and in a symbiotic manner (in most cases). If the anatomy of the skin is altered, such as in a skin cut, these bacteria can now enter within the body and cause an infection. Hair implantation will involve a temporary minor needle puncture, then the hair implant is placed in that puncture, then healing will occur. It is important that healing occurs and that infection and inflammation do not occur.

Hair implants need to be designed to prevent the downward flow of microorganisms from around the hair implant thus preventing an infection from occurring. Prevention of infection is accomplished by the hair implant internal and external shape, foreign body reaction and collagen envelope production, collagen envelope contraction over time, biochemical bonding reaction between the collagen-silicone rubber interface, distal design, and patient hair and scalp cleanliness. Such design features are found in the natural anatomy of the hair follicle such as the collagen envelope, biochemical bonds at the cell interface and tight junctions, and distal narrowing.

The external shape, particularly the narrowing of the distal end, will result in a minimal epidermal opening thus limiting the corridor size and exposure to bacteria at the hair implant skin contact areas. In certain embodiments, there will be a distal initial upward then downward slope angulation of the device, tilted upwards by 30-45 degrees, which will prevent an easy downward flow pathway for bacteria. The epithelial cell growth that will form along the distal end of the implant and join the newly formed collagen envelope, will provide additional cellular contact and proximity to the implant thus limiting bacterial access.

The general anchoring aspects, which involve the external and internal shape of the hair implant, also support the safety element of preventing bacterial entrance by forming a tight approximation between the implant and living tissue, which prevent an entranceway for bacteria.

The cross-sectional shape of the anchor and subcomponents thereof is round or oval in certain embodiments of the invention.

In certain embodiments, the anchors have overall shapes like letters of the alphabet. These embodiments (collectively referred to as “the Alphabetical Anchors”) are identified herein with the term “Anchor” followed by the letter that the anchor most resembles (e.g., Anchor A, Anchor H, Anchor W and Anchor V). There will be some variations to anchors corresponding to a designated letter, but the general designated letter shape will still be evident. Each Alphabetic Anchor comprises at least one tunnel and at least one bridge.

Preferred Anchor A embodiments are shown in FIGS. 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D. Each embodiment includes two vertical components (or anchor bodies) 24 joined by at least one bridge 26 and further includes one open tunnel (or void) 44. The embodiments differ according to the number of closed tunnels they have. The embodiment of FIG. 3A has one closed tunnel 42, the embodiment of FIG. 3B has no closed tunnel, the embodiment of FIG. 3C has two closed tunnels 42, and the embodiment of FIG. 3D has three closed tunnels 42. The tunnels are substantially centered along the fracture line of the anchors.

Preferred Anchor H embodiments are shown in FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C. Each embodiment includes two vertical components 24 joined by at least one bridge 26 and further includes two open tunnels 44 of substantially similar size. The embodiments differ according to the number of closed tunnels they have. The embodiment of FIG. 4A has no closed tunnel, the embodiment of FIG. 4B has one closed tunnel 42, and the embodiment of FIG. 4C has two closed tunnels 42. The tunnels are substantially centered along the fracture line of the anchors.

Preferred Anchor W embodiments are shown in FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C and 5D. Each embodiment includes two vertical components 24 that diverge from each other in a distal direction, are joined by at least one bridge 26 and further includes at least one open tunnel 44. The embodiment of FIG. 5A has no closed tunnels and two open tunnels 44, the embodiment of FIG. 5B has one closed tunnel 42 and two open tunnels 44, the embodiment of FIG. 5C has two closed tunnels 42 and two open tunnels 44, and the embodiment of FIG. 5D has one open tunnel 44 and no closed tunnels. The tunnels are substantially centered along the fracture line of the anchors.

Each anchor (alphabetical or otherwise) preferably has two vertical components, at least one horizontal component and at least one tunnel.

The vertical component is the portion of the anchor that will house the hair.

The horizontal component, also called the “bridge”, will be the attachment site connecting adjacent vertical components. Bridges are preferably 100 microns to 4 mm long and 100 microns to 4 mm in diameter. The number of bridges present, which attach the vertical components, is related to the number and type of tunnels formed.

Tunnel sizes preferably range from 100 microns to 6 mm in length and 100 microns to 2 mm in diameter.

Referring to the embodiments of FIGS. 2A and 2B, each vertical component 24 comprises internal hair chamber 30 having distal orifice 32 at distal end 34 of anchor 22. Internal hair chamber 30 preferably has a diameter from 25-250 microns.

The embodiment of FIG. 2A has knot chamber 48 at a proximal end of each internal hair chamber 30. Each knot chamber 48 has a diameter greater than the respective internal hair chamber 30, such that knot 50 having a diameter greater than the diameter of internal hair chamber 30 is retained within knot chamber and thereby anchors hair 28 to anchor 22. The knot chamber size preferably ranges from 500 microns to 6 mm in length and 100-750 or 100-500 microns in diameter.

The embodiment of FIG. 2B has proximal orifice 36 at proximal end 40 of each internal hair chamber 30.

It is within the scope of the invention for each proximal end of each internal hair chamber within an anchor to have a terminus independently selected from the group consisting of a knot chamber, a proximal orifice and a proximal closure. It is preferred that each proximal end of each internal hair chamber within an anchor have the same type of terminus (e.g., two knot chambers, two proximal orifices or two proximal closures). In certain embodiments, at least one distal orifice 32 and/or at least one proximal orifice 36 is conical and flares open outwardly.

FIG. 2C shows an embodiment with a “looped” internal hair chamber 30, which passes from one vertical component 24 through bridge 26 to the other vertical component 24. A single hair 28 enters internal hair chamber 30 at one distal orifice 32 and exits the chamber at the other distal orifice 32. Placement of hair 28 would preferably involve inserting one strand into one distal orifice 32 and pushing it through the looped internal hair chamber to then exit from the other distal orifice 32 until the exposed lengths of hair differ in length by about 12 mm. A small amount of glue is then placed on the longer exposed segment of hair just above the distal orifice, and the glue-bearing segment of hair is pulled into the internal hair chamber (about 12 mm) such that substantially equal lengths of hair are exposed. The glue is allowed to set, which helps to stabilize or anchor the hair within the internal hair chamber.

Each vertical component preferably has a round or oval cross-sectional shape. Adjacent vertical components can combine with bridges to form many suitable shapes, including the alphabetical shapes discussed above. Thus, for example, adjacent vertical components can be parallel with one another and form an “H” shape in combination with a bridge. Alternatively, adjacent vertical components can be angled relative to each other such that they diverge in a distal direction so as to provide a “W” or “V” shape. Anchor A can be provided when the adjacent vertical components are angled relative to each other such that they diverge in a proximal direction.

The vertical components and their bridges form tunnels. A tunnel is termed “open” if it is not completely enclosed along its length, and termed “closed” if it is open only at the ends thereof.

The external surface of anchor need not be perfectly smooth or linear. Non-limiting examples of external surface variations within the scope of the invention are illustrated by FIGS. 6A-6D in the context of an Anchor A embodiment. Variations of the external surface within the scope of the invention include but are not limited to a vertical component distal upward then downward slope or only a downward slope (undulation 66), a vertical component mid-section concavity 52, a vertical component widening from distal to proximal (most apparent in FIG. 6A), a vertical component proximal bulbous shape 54, and rounded edges on all aspects of the anchor.

Open tunnels 44 are additional examples of external surface features. The open and closed tunnels facilitate a clean fracture of the implant resulting in two parts each including a least one hair. Open tunnels preferably have a length of 0.5-7.5 mm or 1-5 mm, and a depth from 50 microns to 5 mm or from 100 microns to 2 mm.

In certain embodiments, the anchor may have an external concavity 52 located at the mid-longitudinal area on both lateral sides (FIG. 6B).

FIG. 7 shows an embodiment comprising concavity 52 and undulation 66. Concavity 52 and undulation 66 can be described in circle diameter and arc degrees. The circle size diameter preferably ranges from 100 microns to 75 mm or 1 mm to 50 mm, and the arc size preferably ranges from 1 degree to 180 degrees.

FIGS. 10A and 10B show alternative embodiments of the implant 20, having concavities 52 located at the mid-longitudinal area on both lateral sides, undulations 66 at the distal end of the anchor 22 and three or four hairs 28. It is preferred that each vertical component 24 contain only one internal hair chamber 30 regardless of the number of hairs therein, such that implant 20 has two internal hair chambers 30, with one on each side of the fracture line (excluding the looped hair embodiment described above and shown in FIG. 2C).

FIG. 9 shows another external surface feature, wherein rounded indentation 68 is formed in distal end 34 of anchor 22 between distal orifices 32. Rounded indentation 68 is preferably a distal sagittal mid-line U-shaped indentation that will not follow the pattern of a circle and arc description.

FIG. 11 shows another embodiment of an implant of the invention, which comprises two vertical components 24 joined by bridges 26 and one closed tunnel 42.

The foreign body reaction discussed above also provides another protective element from bacteria. This collagen envelope or wall will prevent bacteria, which may have migrated beyond the distal implant zone, from entering the dermal or subcutaneous space of the skin.

When the foreign body reaction has completed the collagen envelope, there will be a contraction effect over time. This contraction is favorable because it will tighten the grip of the collagen envelope on the implant and further limit any gap formation between the implant and living skin and thus prevent bacterial entrance.

The direct contact between the implant and living skin tissue, called the interface, is a bond created by a biochemical reaction. This bonding force will also help with the attachment of the implant to the surrounding skin, and thus assist in preventing a corridor for bacterial entrance.

Patient scalp cleanliness is also an important aspect. Keeping the bacterial load or quantity low on the scalp skin, or wherever the implants are placed will be beneficial in preventing infection.

Another important aspect is the prevention of not only infection but inflammation, not caused by microorganisms. Inflammation is a reaction to the foreign materials placed into the skin, such as the hair and the silicone rubber component of the hair implant. This inflammatory reaction will naturally occur when the hair implant is placed, however, it is important to design the implant to yield a self-limiting inflammatory response so there will be an end to the inflammatory process. In addition to this self-limiting reaction, it is preferred to provide safeguards to prevent any future potential inflammatory reactions from taking place as well.

All medical devices placed in the human body will interact with tissue fluids and immune system resulting in chemical and physical changes, and this includes hair implants as well. Hair implant oxidation, erosion, fracture and more importantly subsequent implant fragment retention must be considered potential hazards of implantation and thus it is preferred to include in the inventive hair implant safety features designed to deal with these hazards. If oxidation and erosion of the implant were to occur to a significant degree fragmentation of the implant may occur. It is preferable to anticipate this occurrence by including in the hair implant a fracture line 24 to facilitate a safe conclusion to the potential fragmentation and the retention of the fragment. The fracture line is a feature of the implant having reduced resistance to fracturing relative to the balance of the implant, such that if there is fragmentation it occurs along the fracture line. FIG. 1 shows the fracture line 24 colinear with a line of tunnels 26. This planned vertical (or longitudinal) fracture line can facilitate the release of the implant from collagen ligatures through tunnels 26, thus allowing for an easier release of the now two vertical fragments of the fractured implant. Each fragment will contain at least one hair and silicone structure. The fracture line prevents or at least minimizes the likelihood of the formation of random fragments that cannot be removed from the scalp by pulling on hair. The fracture line predisposes the implant to splitting into two fragments. If fracturing occurs, it is easier for the hair implant to fall out since it has lost one of its key anchoring mechanisms. Minimal pulling forces will allow the fractured implant to be completely removed. This safety feature will drastically reduce or eliminate any retained fragments of hair, or portions of the implant which, in turn, reduces or eliminates any acute or chronic inflammatory reactions. If the implant has been totally released, or pulled out, the subsequent collagen envelop will dissolve over time, and the subcutaneous architecture will be remodeled. Also, after the implant has been placed into position, and the foreign body reaction completed with a collagen envelope around the structure, if a fragment were to be retained, the collagen envelope structure would provide continued protection and serve its function by surrounding the foreign body and protecting it from the immune system. If an inflammatory reaction were to occur, the body would attempt to discharge this retained fragment. This reaction would be limited to the very superficial skin surface (as opposed to the deep-rooted designs of current hair implants deep in the galea aponeurotica, with no escape or discharge mechanism), involving the epidermal and dermal layers. The more superficial inflammation will most likely result in the formation of a pimple type structure with the subsequent discharge of pus and the fragments, not unlike the typical pimple formation found in certain conditions such as acne.

Implantation Technique

Introduction

The preferred implantation technique involves several steps including pre-treatment with antibiotics and anti-inflammatories, recipient skin site preparation, anesthesia, recipient site formation, hair implant selection and placement, temporary hair implant stabilization and skin closure by medical glue, artistic concerns, and post procedure care with antibiotics, corticosteroids, and instruction regarding the proper cleansing of the scalp.

Natural Look of Hair Exiting the Scalp

The administration of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory medications and recipient site anti-bacterial preparation are very important first steps in the process. Considering that potentially thousands of hair implants will be placed, with the corresponding thousands of needle pokes into the skin, it is prudent to begin medical therapy to prevent infection and a hyperinflammatory response. Infection or a hyperinflammatory reaction may result in skin surface or epidermal and/or dermal skin damage. This damage may translate into a pitting effect, or visible indentations where the recipient site and subsequent hair implant were placed. This type of imperfection will draw attention to the scalp, especially under certain lighting which will accentuate this pitting look.

Recipient skin site preparation involves washing the designated skin area with soap and water, then betadine or an acceptable surgical cleansing solution is applied, then, after the cleansing solution dries, it is wiped off with sterile alcohol. This sequence of skin cleansing, with the appropriate donning of staff in addition to having the treatment room air purity level at an ISO 4 or 5, will eliminate or significantly reduce any bacteria or spores in the field of operation.

Recipient site formation is another critical step not only to form a hole for the hair implant, but to minimize the actual puncture or cut size which will minimize the healing needed and potential visible signs of skin pitting. In addition, the site formed needs to parallel the natural angle that hair would normally exit. This will allow for the hair to fall naturally forward, to the side or back according to the patient's natural angulation and thus natural hair style look. The actual process of recipient site formation involves a very similar technique currently used in surgical hair transplant procedures. The recipient site formation technique involves using a 22-32-gauge sterile needle, or similar instrument. The needle is used to poke the scalp at a very specific angle and depth, depending on what hair pattern and density is desired. For example, if the patient desires to fill in the scalp crown area with hair implants, it will be observed that a ‘whirl’ pattern naturally exists there. Considering this, the needle used to poke the skin in this scalp area will need to emulate this type of ‘whirl’ pattern. This is accomplished by poking the needle at an acute angle to the scalp and with a rotating type pattern. Then, when the hair implants are placed in, they will stick out of the scalp in a whirl pattern. The depth of the needle poke needs to approximate the normal follicular depth of 6 mm (in this case of scalp hair placement). If eyebrow hair is going to be placed in, the needle pokes need to be more superficial, about 3-4 mm deep, etc. Lastly, the needle poke incisions will be placed as close together as possible. Considering that an inflammatory reaction is a normal response to a needle poke and foreign body reaction to the silicone tipped hair implant, it is advisable to space out the implants by 3-4 mm, and proceed with subsequent implants in the same manner over 3-4 treatments to ultimately fill in the skin area to the desired density.

Hair implant selection is very important to maintain a natural look. For example, the hairline on the scalp has thinner hair fiber diameters than hairs just 1.25 cm behind it. This transition of finer to more coarse hair is common and is what is natural. The selection of thinner fiber diameter hairs will need to be selected for the hairline areas to mimic the natural.

The silicone tipped portion of the hair implant is surgically placed with an approximate depth of 3-6 mm under the skin depending on whether scalp, pubic, or other body hair is being restored. This silicone tipped portion of the hair will not impair the natural look of the hair implant because the clear type of silicone used will be invisible to the eye and will remain mostly under the skin, with a small 0.1 to 0.5 mm segment remaining above the skin (or below in certain embodiments), keeping it out of view.

Hair Implant Placement

Appropriate anesthesia allows for the proper placement of the hair implants with the proper depth placement. Anesthesia involves the application of a topical cream lidocaine type anesthetic on the recipient site, or area of skin that will receive the hair implants. After 30 minutes of topical anesthetic application, the area is cleaned and then an injectable form of tumescent lidocaine anesthetic solution is administered in a field block manner. The anesthetic cream is administered after the area is cleaned with soap and water, then the anesthetic is removed, wiped down with sterile alcohol, then the area is injected with a tumescent solution of lidocaine, then the betadine or other type solution is administered, etc.

In those embodiments wherein the hair is added to the anchor at a physician's office, at a hair implantation clinic, or at a manufacturer with or without an automated process, the hair implant placement first involves opening a sterile pack of either the anchor portion of the implant only, which will need subsequent attachment of the hair component, or the anchor portion with the hair already attached. If the sterile pack only has the anchor component, then the pack will be opened at the physician's office or clinic, and the anchors will be placed onto a sterile tray. Hair components are then added to the anchors. There are several methods of hair to anchor attachment with several exemplary embodiments discussed below.

After the hair has been attached to the anchor it is ready for placement into the skin. A fine jeweler type sterile tweezer can be used to pick up the hair implant by the silicone tipped area and insert it into the recipient site hole made by the needle. After all of the hair implants have been placed into position, the technician places a tiny drop of medical adhesive (e.g., cyanoacrylate or another fast drying medical glue) to immediately stabilize the hair implant. This technique, with the fine instruments used, will minimize trauma and heal better and result in a more natural skin surface.

Hair Density and Hair Pattern

The hair implant technique, using very close recipient site placement, recipient site with appropriate angulation, the use of delicate jeweler's forceps, and a glue down technique to stabilize the hair implant, will allow for high dense packing and appropriate hair pattern.

Providing close approximation of recipient sites, with very small needle cuts to puncture the scalp, will allow for more density per hair implant session. The angle by which the recipient site is made is critical to the hair pattern formed. For example, if one wants to have a natural whirl pattern on the crown of the scalp, a very deliberate rotating angulation pattern will need to be prepared to emulate a natural hair pattern.

The use of fine and delicate jeweler's forceps is important in the handling and proper placement of the hair implant itself. The jeweler's forceps allows for a gentle hold on the implant, preventing damage, and allows an unobstructed view of the placement of the implant into the scalp, due to the forceps holding only a small portion of the distal portion of the implant without obstructing a direct view of the proximal end of the implant for easy placement into the recipient site.

The final glue down of the hair implant will immediately stabilize and temporarily anchor the implant and prevent premature pull out. Since the foreign body reaction and anchoring of the hair implant takes 14-21 days, this temporary anchoring mechanism will prevent hair fall out and a reduction in hair density.

FIG. 8 is schematic top view of a plan for the placement in the scalp of implants 20 comprising vertical components 24, distal ends 34, distal orifices 32 and hairs 28. Overlaying the scalp is a 10×10 grid wherein each cell of the grid represents a 1 mm×1 mm area of the scalp. Each implant 20 occupies two cells in the embodiment of FIG. 8. Completion of this placement scheme would result in fifty implants (or follicular units) per cm², or one-hundred hairs per cm² when the follicular units have two hairs each.

Anchoring of the Hair Implant

The recipient site, being a surgical step by poking a needle into the skin, is the key method of allowing the hair implant access and approximation to the living tissue and the very important immune system reaction. This hair implant and skin issue approximation will allow for the foreign body reaction and all the anchoring effects to occur (see the anchoring section above).

The final glue down of the hair implant will immediately stabilize and temporarily anchor the implant and prevent premature pull out. Since the foreign body reaction and anchoring of the hair implant takes 14-21 days, this temporary anchoring mechanism will prevent hair fall out.

Protecting the Hair Implant from the Immune System

The recipient site, being a surgical step by poking a needle into the skin, is the key method of allowing the hair implant access and approximation to the living tissue and the very important immune system reaction. This hair implant and skin tissue approximation will allow for the foreign body reaction to take place and form the collagen envelope. After the collagen envelope has completely formed, the foreign body reaction has completed its objective to protect the body by entombing the “foreign body” with this thick collagen shell and will then terminate the immune system reaction. This collagen shell provides dual protection, protecting the implant from further immune system reactions, and protects the body from the implant harming the body (foreign body reaction assumes the foreign body is dangerous and thus walls it off to protect the body).

Hair Implant Safety Features

With appropriate antiseptic cleansing of the skin, utilizing sterile instruments for anesthesia, recipient site formation, and hair implant placement, hair implant stabilization, and immediate glue sealing of the epidermal incision site, will limit bacterial entrance in the short term. Long term safety features of forming a bacterial barrier, anchoring, and fracture and fragment retention issues are discussed above.

This implantation technique will allow for complete removal in certain embodiments, if desired. The hair implant is placed into the scalp as deeply as natural hair fibers are in the scalp, about 5-6 millimeters deep (only into the subcutaneous/dermal areas where normal natural hair resides). If the hair implant needs to be removed, this can be done by a simple plucking motion (like plucking out normal hair). So to remove the hair is a safety factor just in case there is a follicle that becomes infected. It is normal for natural hair follicles to sometimes become infected, so it follows that the same risk applies to the inventive hair implant.

Infection and inflammation of hair bearing skin is not uncommon. Many people naturally develop low level folliculitis or inflammation of the hair follicles. This can be due to a multitude of causes including bacterial and non-bacterial sources, ingrown hairs, poor hygiene, hair fall out and regrowth, etc. Some other causes of infection and inflammation are from simple shaving, others from hormonal issues, or even from the natural bacteria found in the hair follicular and skin areas. Even though infection and inflammation is found naturally, and typically at minor levels, the goal of hair implantation is to improve upon what is observed as the natural occurrence of hair bearing skin infections and inflammation.

It is projected that the incidence of skin infections and inflammation associated with the inventive implants will be less than that found naturally. The lack of glandular organs and their secretions will make the implant area less conducive to bacterial growth. In addition, the anchor of the invention has no hormone receptors to trigger an inflammatory response, unlike natural hair follicles.

Manufacturing of Implants

The anchor of the inventive implant can be formed by a variety of different processes, including by injection molding and 3-D printing. The anchor preferably comprises a material selected for certain characteristics such as the appropriate durometer, molecular weight, crosslinking, and strength. These characteristics will not only help provide the appropriate strength to withstand oxidation and fracturing, but will easily withstand the pressure forces of the tweezer implantation technique. This aspect of tweezer placement is significant mainly in hair transplant surgery when working with live hair follicular units. Tweezer placement can traumatize and crush living hair follicles, but in the case of hair implants that, of course, is not a risk.

Materials highly resistant to long term chemical interaction with the immune system are preferred. High implant strength longevity is desirable. If the hair is physically pulled out the goal is for the entire implant unit to be ejected in one or two parts, thus preventing breakage (other than at the fracture line) and remnants of the implant to remain under the skin.

Medical grade silicone is the most preferred material for forming the anchor. Other materials suitable for use in forming the anchor include but are not limited to biocompatible polymers, acrylics, silicone, silicone polymers, metals and metal alloys, such as gold, silver and steel.

In a preferred embodiment, implantable medical grade silicone is used for implant production. The silicone material is typically in a liquid form and in two parts. Upon mixing the two parts, part A and part B, a chemical reaction will occur and cause a silicone rubber to be formed. This liquid to solid reaction can be controlled by keeping the mixture cold to slow down the liquid to solid reaction and allow time to inject the liquid silicone into the mold. After being injected into the mold, heat is applied to complete the liquid to solid formation reaction.

The mold preferably comprises a multitude of cavities for receiving the liquid to be solidified to form the anchors of the implants. The number of cavities is not particularly limited, and in certain embodiments can range from 1 or 10 or 100 or 1,000 or 10,000 cavities to 10 or 100 or 1,000 or 10,000 or 100,000 cavities per mold.

The dimensions of a cavity are dictated by the desired dimensions of the resulting implant. In certain embodiments, the cavities are 1-10 mm or 3-9 mm or 5-7 mm or 6 mm deep with a maximum diameter of 0.2-1.2 mm or 0.4-1.0 mm or 0.6-0.8 mm or 7.0 mm.

The fluid in the cavities should preferably be free of air bubbles, voids and the like. In certain embodiments, the anchor mold comprises two plates which are used in a process that minimizes or avoids air bubbles—a first plate having a plurality of holes through it and a second plate that closes off the holes in the first plate. The two plates are immersed in silicone liquid with the second plate being used to force the silicone liquid through the holes in the first plate (like a plunger on a syringe) until the two plates are in contact with each other. The excess silicone fluid is then scraped off the surface of the first plate to provide a mold having a plurality of cavities filled with substantially bubble-free liquid silicone.

The strands of hair to be inserted in the anchors are pre-coated with silicone (or other bonding agent or primer compatible with silicone, such as alkoxy silane monomers or polymers as taught by U.S. Pat. No. 5,061,284 (117)) to a length of, e.g., 2-10 mm or 6-8 mm or 7 mm and then allowed to form a solid. The length of this coating applied to the hair strands is preferably selected to be 1 mm longer than the depth of the anchors in which the hair strands will be placed, such that the coating extends 1 mm above the anchor and remains external to the surface of the epidermis after implantation. In other embodiments, the length of the coating is 0.1 or 0.5 mm to 1.5 or 2 mm longer than the anchor depth.

After the hair strand coating has dried to form a solid, the hair strands are placed into the silicone liquid filled mold cavities. Each mold cavity can receive 1, 2, 3, 4 or more hair strands. The mold is then heated to solidify the silicone to form implants having one or more hairs each. The implants are then removed from the mold, sterilized and packaged for distribution and use.

In certain embodiments, the hair will be inserted and then anchored by several potential mechanisms.

In a preferred embodiment of a distal to proximal insertion method, glue is applied to approximately 6 mm of the proximal end of the hair and is then fed into the distal orifice of the internal hair chamber until it reaches the proximal closure of the internal hair chamber.

In a first preferred embodiment of a proximal to distal insertion method, the hair will not be glued first but will first be inserted into the proximal orifice of the vertical component hair chamber, then the hair is pushed through until only 6 mm of the proximal end is visible, then glue is added to this 6 mm end, and finally the hair is continued to be pulled through until completely in the hair chamber.

In a second preferred embodiment of a proximal to distal insertion method, the hair will not be glued first but will first be knotted at its proximal end, and then fed into the proximal opening of the knot chamber until only about 6 mm of the proximal end of the hair is visible. Glue is then applied to this 6 mm end (which will contain the knots), and then the hair is continued to be fed through the hair chamber until reaches the most distal end of the knot chamber.

It is preferred that the hair chamber opening through which the hair will be inserted have a conical shape so as to facilitate hair insertion by the technician (or if automated, by a machine) and to allow a greater amount of glue to remain at that location for increased adhesion.

The knot chamber is an enlarged proximal end of the hair chamber configured to receive the knotted hair portion which has a greater diameter than the unknotted portion of the hair shaft. The hair chamber distal to the knot chamber has a narrower diameter than the knot chamber such that the knotted hair is too wide to leave the knot chamber and enter the hair chamber. The diameter of the knot chamber is preferably 500-600 microns, and the length of the knot chamber is preferably from 500 microns to 6 mm.

In certain embodiments, the vertical component will have a proximal outer surface end which will be rounded. The arc will be 180 degrees, and the circle diameter will be 500 microns to 2 mm. If there is an oval shape, the largest dimensions of the oval will be the same.

It is preferred that at least some and more preferably all edges of the anchor are rounded. This includes the embodiments depicted in the figures.

There are many types of hairs on the body including scalp, facial, eyebrow, arm and leg, pubic, eyelash, etc., and the manufacturing process can be modified to produce the appropriate hair implants for the skin area in question. Thus, for example, eyebrow hair implants will be smaller than scalp hair implants.

In an alternative embodiment, final assembly of hair implants is performed by the end user (physician, physician's assistant, hair technician, etc.). Sterile anchors are supplied to the user, who selects appropriate hair for a given patient and procedure and bonds the hair to the anchors prior to implantation, using, e.g., an adhesive suitable for bonding hair (or synthetic hair) to the anchor material. Suitable adhesives included but are not limited to cyanoacrylates.

As discussed above, the exit angle of hair strands from the anchor is preferably varied for different implantation locations. Thus, the placement of hair strands in the mold cavities can be varied to provide implants with hair exit angles ranging from 1-90°. It is also possible to use curved, angled or otherwise non-linear hair strands in the manufacturing process to achieve the same or similar effect. Thus, for example, a hair stand having a 100° angle 5 mm from its proximal end can be inserted in a 6 mm deep mold cavity such that the hair strand exits the resulting anchor at a 10° angle to the surface.

While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific examples thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.

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Consumer Reports.     https://www.consumerreports.org/cro/2013/02/the-dangers-of-hair-extensions/index.htm. -   (93) AHDOUT et al. (2012). Weft hair extensions causing a     distinctive horseshoe pattern of traction alopecia. Journal of the     American Academy of Dermatology, 67(6), e294-e295. -   (94) WAI, S. (2014). What is hair implant?. Skin health: the     creation of beauty is art.     http://skinhealthsubang.blogspot.com/2014/08/what-is-hair-implant.html. -   (95) UNKNOWN. (2015). Image of Hair transplant surgery scars in     donor area with follicular unit extraction technique.     http://ae154z115g.previewdomain.jp/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/003_BK2.jpg. -   (96) Hair transplant surgery skin pitting.     https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=SugtAQeg&id=05E8079A74     52B7A438E94F7C8ED83A7F28D2CC38&q=hair+transplant+skin+pitting&simid=608019078156652373&selectedIndex=0&qpvt=hair+transplant+skin+pitting&ajaxhist=0 -   (97) UNKNOWN. (2013). Image of Galea aponeurotica seen though scalp     incision.     http://www.the-dermatologist.com/sites/default/files/issues/Screen     %20 Shot %202013-08-20%20at %209.00.40%20AM.png. -   (98) UNKNOWN (2015). Galea aponeurotica diagram.     http://www.learnneurosurgery.com/uploads/1/6/6/8/16689668/1813531.jpg?702. -   (99) UNKNOWN (2015). Galea aponeurotica diagram with head in view.     http://www.buism.com/hairloss_files/image001.jpg. -   (100) AVRAM et al. (2014). Side-effects from follicular unit     extraction in hair transplantation. Journal of cutaneous and     aesthetic surgery, 7(3), 177-179. -   (101) KARAçAL et al. (2012). Necrosis of the donor site after hair     restoration with follicular unit extraction (FUE): a case report.     Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, 65(4),     e87-e89. -   (102) POSWAL et al. (2011). When FUE goes wrong!. Indian journal of     dermatology, 56(5), 517-519. -   (103) LEPAW, M. I. (1979). Complications of implantation of     synthetic fibers into scalps for “hair” replacement: experience with     fourteen cases. The Journal of dermatologic surgery and oncology,     5(3), 201-204. -   (104) COTSARELIS et al. (2001). Towards a molecular understanding of     hair loss and its treatment. Trends in molecular medicine, 7(7),     293-301. -   (105) FIG. 1 from COTSARELIS et al. (2001). Towards a molecular     understanding of hair loss and its treatment. Trends in molecular     medicine, 7(7), 293-301. -   (106) BIOFIBRE (2015). Hair Implant Safety. Biofibre: High     Technology Hair Implant System.     http://www.biofibre.com/en/hair-implants/safety/. -   (107) BIOFIBRE (2015). Results. Biofibre: High Technology Hair     Implant System. http://www.biofibre.com/en/results/. -   (108) UNKNOWN. (2015). Image of Hair transplant surgery scars in     donor area with follicular unit extraction technique.     http://ae154z115g.previewdomain.jp/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/003_BK2.jpg. -   (109) Hair transplant surgery skin pitting.     https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&ccid=SugtAQeg&id=05E8079A74     52B7A438E94F7C8ED83A7F28D2CC38&q=hair+transplant+skin+pitting&simid=608019078156652373&selectedIndex=0&qpvt=hair+transplant+skin+pitting&ajaxhist=0 -   (110) UNKNOWN. (2013). Image of Galea aponeurotica seen though scalp     incision.     http://www.the-dermatologist.com/sites/default/files/issues/Screen     %20 Shot %202013-08-20%20at %209.00.40%20AM.png. -   (111) UNKNOWN (2015). Galea aponeurotica diagram.     http://www.learnneurosurgery.com/uploads/1/6/6/8/16689668/1813531.jpg?702. -   (112) UNKNOWN (2015). Galea aponeurotica diagram with head in view.     http://www.buism.com/hairloss_files/image001.jpg. -   (113) AVRAM et al. (2014). Side-effects from follicular unit     extraction in hair transplantation. Journal of cutaneous and     aesthetic surgery, 7(3), 177-179. -   (114) POSWAL et al. (2011). When FUE goes wrong!. Indian journal of     dermatology, 56(5), 517-519. -   (115) FOX et al. (2007). Traction folliculitis: an underreported     entity. Cutis, 79(1), 26-30. -   (116) U.S. Pat. No. 3,596,292 (Erb et al.) -   (117) U.S. Pat. No. 5,061,284 (Laghi).

REFERENCE NUMBERS

-   20. Implant -   22. Anchor -   24. Vertical Component or Anchor Body -   26. Bridge -   28. Hair -   30. Internal Hair Chamber -   32. Distal Orifice -   34. Distal End -   36. Proximal Orifice -   38. Proximal Closure of Internal Hair Chamber -   40. Proximal End -   42. Closed Tunnel (or Closed Void) -   44. Open Tunnel (or Open Void) -   46. Fracture Line -   48. Knot Chamber -   50. Knot -   52. Concavity -   54. Proximal Bulbous Shape -   56. Epidermis -   58. Dermis -   60. Follicular Unit -   62. Follicle -   64. Scalp -   66. Undulation -   68. Rounded Indentation 

What is claimed is:
 1. A hair implant suitable for subcutaneous implantation, comprising: a. a hair strand anchor comprising: i. an anchor body; ii. a first hair chamber disposed within said anchor body; iii. a second hair chamber disposed within said anchor body; and iv. at least one tunnel disposed through said anchor body, said tunnel further disposed in between said first hair chamber and said second hair chamber, where the tunnel is free of a hair; and b. at least one hair strand having a portion thereof retained in at least one of the hair chambers, wherein said retained portion of hair strand is encased by said hair chamber; wherein: (a) said tunnel is configured to support collagen ligature growth after subcutaneous implantation of the hair implant, (b) said tunnel is configured to receive and retain collagen ligatures that are capable of anchoring said hair strand anchor to a hair implant recipient, and (c) the hair strand anchor is unitary in form.
 2. The hair implant of claim 1, wherein said hair strand is a human hair strand or a synthetic hair strand.
 3. The hair implant of claim 1, wherein said anchor body is constructed from a biocompatible polymer, silicone, silicone polymer, metal, or metal alloy.
 4. The hair implant of claim 1, wherein at least one end of the hair strand projects from a distal end of the anchor body.
 5. The hair implant of claim 1, wherein said first hair chamber is fluidly connected to said second hair chamber to form a U-shaped hair chamber, wherein said hair strand is retained in said U-shaped hair chamber such that both ends of said hair strand project from a distal end of the anchor body.
 6. The hair implant of claim 1, comprising at least two hair strands, wherein a proximal end of each hair strand is disposed and encased within one of said hair chambers.
 7. The hair implant of claim 1, wherein the at least one tunnel comprises an open tunnel disposed through the anchor body at a distal end or a proximal end thereof.
 8. The hair implant of claim 1, wherein the anchor body has at least two tunnels disposed therethrough.
 9. The hair implant of claim 8, wherein the at least two tunnels comprises parallel open tunnels, disposed on opposing ends of the anchor body.
 10. The hair implant of claim 8, wherein the at least two tunnels comprise parallel closed tunnels disposed through the anchor body.
 11. The hair implant of claim 8, wherein at least one of the tunnels is an open tunnel disposed on a distal end or a proximal end of the anchor body, and at least one of the tunnels is a closed tunnel disposed through the anchor body.
 12. The hair implant of claim 1, wherein the tunnel through the anchor body effectively creates a longitudinal fracture line through said anchor body that intersects the tunnel.
 13. A hair implant suitable for subcutaneous implantation, comprising: a. a hair strand anchor comprising: i. an anchor body; ii. a first hair chamber disposed within said anchor body; iii. a second hair chamber disposed within said anchor body; and iv. at least one tunnel disposed through said anchor body, said tunnel further disposed in between said first hair chamber and said second hair chamber, where the tunnel is free of a hair; and b. at least one hair strand having a portion thereof retained in at least one of the hair chambers, wherein said retained portion of hair strand is encased by said hair chamber; wherein: (a) said tunnel is configured to support collagen ligature growth after subcutaneous implantation of the hair implant, (b) said tunnel is configured to receive and retain collagen ligatures that are capable of anchoring said hair strand anchor to a hair implant recipient, and (c) the at least one tunnel comprises a closed tunnel disposed through the anchor body.
 14. A hair implant suitable for subcutaneous implantation, comprising: a. a hair strand anchor comprising: i. a first anchor body; ii. a second anchor body; and iii. at least one bridge connecting said first anchor body to said second anchor body so as to bridge at least one void between said anchor bodies, said void being free of hair; and b. at least one hair strand having a portion thereof retained in at least one of the anchor bodies, wherein said retained portion of hair strand is encased by said anchor body; wherein: (i) said bridge connecting said anchor bodies is configured to support and retain growth of collagen ligatures after subcutaneous implantation of the hair implant, (ii) said collagen ligatures are configured to anchor said hair strand anchor to a hair implant recipient and (iii) the hair strand anchor is unitary in form.
 15. The hair implant of claim 14, wherein said hair strand is a human hair strand or a synthetic hair strand.
 16. The hair implant of claim 14, wherein said hair strand anchor is constructed from a biocompatible polymer, silicone, silicone polymer, metal, or metal alloy.
 17. The hair implant of claim 14, wherein each of said anchor bodies has a hair chamber disposed therein.
 18. The hair implant of claim 17, comprising at least two hair strands, wherein a proximal end of each hair strand is disposed and encased within one of said hair chambers.
 19. The hair implant of claim 17, wherein said hair chamber of the first anchor body is fluidly connected to said hair chamber of the first anchor body to form a U-shaped hair chamber, wherein said portion of the hair strand is retained in said U-shaped hair chamber such that both ends of said hair strand project from a distal end of the hair strand anchor.
 20. The hair implant of claim 19, wherein a portion of said U-shaped hair chamber is disposed in said bridge.
 21. The hair implant of claim 14, wherein said at least one void effectively creates a longitudinal fracture line through said hair strand anchor that intersects said bridge.
 22. A hair implant suitable for subcutaneous implantation, comprising: a. a hair strand anchor comprising: i. a first anchor body; ii. a second anchor body; and iii. at least two bridges connecting said first anchor body to said second anchor body so as to bridge at least one void between said anchor bodies, said void being free of hair; and b. at least one hair strand having a portion thereof retained in at least one of the anchor bodies, wherein said retained portion of hair strand is encased by said anchor body; wherein: (i) the at least two bridges connecting the anchor bodies are configured to support and retain growth of collagen ligatures after subcutaneous implantation of the hair implant, and (ii) the collagen ligatures are configured to anchor the hair strand anchor to a hair implant recipient.
 23. The hair implant of claim 22, wherein a second bridge of the at least two bridges is parallel to a first bridge of the at least two bridges.
 24. An anchor comprising: (a) a first hair chamber configured to receive at least one hair strand; (b) a second hair chamber configured to receive at least one hair strand; and (c) at least one tunnel disposed through said anchor between the first hair chamber and the second hair chamber, wherein: (i) the anchor is configured for subcutaneous implantation with at least one hair strand fixed in at least one of the first hair chamber and the second hair chamber; (ii) the tunnel is configured to support collagen ligature growth after subcutaneous implantation by receiving and retaining collagen ligatures that are capable of anchoring the anchor to a hair implant recipient; and (iii) the anchor is unitary in form.
 25. The anchor of claim 24, wherein the at least one tunnel defines a longitudinal fracture line through the anchor that intersects the tunnel, such that the anchor is configured to fracture along the fracture line upon application of sufficient force to facilitate removal. 